The tool is more documented in France, and took on many shapes and sizes, though all for slotted screws. The jaws that hold the pyrites inside wheellock guns were secured with screws, and the need to constantly replace the pyrites resulted in a considerable refinement of the screwdriver.
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Screws, hence screwdrivers, were not used in full combat armor, most likely to give the wearer freedom of movement. Screws were used in the 15th century to construct screw-cutting lathes, for securing breastplates, backplates, and helmets on medieval jousting armor-and eventually for multiple parts of the emerging firearms, particularly the matchlock. The screwdriver remained inconspicuous, however, as evidence of its existence throughout the next 300 years is based primarily on the presence of screws. These earliest screwdrivers had pear-shaped handles and were made for slotted screws (diversification of the many types of screwdrivers did not emerge until the Gilded Age). The first documentation of the tool is in the medieval Housebook of Wolfegg Castle, a manuscript written sometime between 14. The tool's original names in German and French were Schraubenzieher (screwpuller) and tournevis (turnscrew), respectively. They were probably invented in the late 15th century, either in Germany or France. The earliest documented screwdrivers were used in the late Middle Ages. Many options and enhancements, such as built-in bubble levels, high/low gear selection, magnetic screw holders, adjustable-torque clutches, keyless chucks, 'gyroscopic' control, etc., are available.
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Variations include impact drivers, which provide two types of 'hammering' force for improved performance in certain situations, and "right-angle" drivers for use in tight spaces. Special combination drill-driver bits and adapters let an operator rapidly alternate between the two. This is particularly useful as drilling a pilot hole before driving a screw is a common operation. The two most common are the simple 'blade'-type for slotted screws, and Phillips, generically called "cross-recess", "cross-head", or "cross-point".Ī wide variety of power screwdrivers ranges from a simple 'stick'-type with batteries, a motor, and a tip holder all inline, to powerful "pistol" type VSR (variable-speed reversible) cordless drills that also function as screwdrivers. Screwdriver tips are available in a wide variety of types and sizes ( List of screw drives). Proper use requires that the screwdriver's tip engage the head of a screw of the same size and type designation as the screwdriver tip. These often have a hollow handle that contains various types and sizes of tips, and a reversible ratchet action that allows multiple full turns without repositioning the tip or the user's hand.Ī screwdriver is classified by its tip, which is shaped to fit the driving surfaces-slots, grooves, recesses, etc.-on the corresponding screw head.
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Some manual screwdrivers have interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of the shaft and are held in mechanically or magnetically. Handles are typically wood, metal, or plastic and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down. The tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw-or ridged or treated for additional 'grip'. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. This form of the screwdriver has been replaced in many workplaces and homes with a more modern and versatile tool, a power drill, as they are quicker, easier, and can also drill holes. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, ending in a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning the handle. A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, used for turning screws.
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